But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. for a customized plan. High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! Her neighbors are Miss Marie, who goes by the name "the Maginot Line"; China; and Poland. Subsequently the Line was of minimal military importance, and many of the fortress divisions surrendered without even fighting. The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. [I] settled down to just being ugly.". Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. $24.99 3. 16. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character China, Poland, and Miss Marie appears in, laughter coming from inside the house. He is a religious hypocrite. On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. She becomes pregnant. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. Elihue's own education brings him into contact with the Western canon, but in these great works he understands only what he wishes to see. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. Please wait while we process your payment. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Claudia attempts to assuage Frieda's fear by telling her that, they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter, the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Why does Maureen have a privilege status in the school community? The passage is written with poetic tone, turning Blue Jack into something like a figure of myth, male and strong and holding up the watermelon so that it blocks out the sun. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. The fights become more and more violent. [18] The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription, which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich's numerical superiority. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. The girls have a brief exchange during which Pecola defends the Maginot Line (Miss Marie, as she calls her), but the conversation is cut short when Mrs. Breedlove comes out to see who Pecola's visitors are. 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. In Did you have a question about the first chapter of Bluest Eye. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. There are hints that his mother was insane. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. But this may not be a fair characterization. [26] Germany had to import most of its iron, rubber, oil, bauxite, copper and nickel, making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy. Dave Roos It is the Maginot Line. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. She then throws her root-beer bottle down at the girls' feet and laughs loudly, terrifying the girls, who run until they can't run any farther. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. Border Post line: This consisted of blockhouses and strong houses, which were often camouflaged as inoffensive residential homes, built within a few metres of the border and manned by troops to give the alarm in the event of a surprise attack and to delay enemy tanks with prepared explosives and barricades. [43] Kaufmann and Kaufmann commented, "When all is said and done, the Maginot Line did not fail to accomplish its original mission it provided a shield that bought time for the army to mobilise [and] concentrate its best troops along the Belgian border to engage the enemy. The dog devours the meat and dies almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. It breaks and the girls run away, scared. Principal line of resistance: This line began 10km (6mi) behind the border. Pecolas father, who is impulsive and violentfree, but in a dangerous way. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. "The Maginot Line was never meant to fight the war by itself. Besides that, a few private houses are built atop some blockhouses.[34]. They had found that the question of the cou- Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. The location of this attack, chosen because of the location of the Maginot Line, was through the Belgian Ardennes Forest (sector 4), which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 (as marked). The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. When France withdrew from NATO's military component in 1966, much of the line was abandoned, with the NATO facilities turned back over to French forces and the rest of it auctioned off to the public or left to decay. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. Read more about sexual initiation as a theme. Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Maginot Line. 7. Telephone Network: This system connected every fortification in the Maginot Line, including bunkers, infantry and artillery fortresses, observation posts and shelters. Frieda likewise demonstrates her love for her father by hitting Rosemary. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. By the eve of WWII, the French had constructed a string of fortifications stretching from the Swiss Alps to the English Channel, but the heaviest defenses were along the 280-mile (450-kilometer) border with Germany. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. When the bigger plan went to crap, the Maginot Line went along with it.". [23] The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knockout blow was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue dure. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. Patreon: https://www.patr. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. In discussion with General Brousseau, the commander of the Metz sector and other officers, the general outlined the French problem in extending the line to the sea in that placing the line along the Belgian-German border required the agreement of Belgium, but putting the line along the French-Belgian border relinquished Belgium to the Germans. Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. Claudia's assumption that sexual interaction always feels good suggests an innocence that Frieda no longer has. As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. Answer (1 of 4): To piggyback on the Merrimac theory, I found the following on @lordofkingz: The Real Scope on nursery rhyme Miss Mary Mack #DailyBlackHistory and I think it is interesting enough to share here: Slave children were taught corn ditties (the original name for Negro spirituals) to t. The Maginot Line was impervious . Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. This logical but mistaken chain of reasoning adds a rare note of humor to the story that is unfolding. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. The white neighborhood in which Mrs. Breedlove works is beautiful and well kept, demonstrating the connection between race and class. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs Purchasing [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. (including. Cloches are non-retractable turrets. These impressive fortifications 142 large artillery forts called ouvrages or "works," 352 fortified gun emplacements called "casemates," and 5,000 smaller bunkers and pillboxes became known as the Maginot Line, named after the French politician Andr Maginot (pronounced Mah-ji-noh). Want 100 or more? Free trial is available to new customers only. In the wake of that catastrophic war, the French government vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany from any future attacks. Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% creating and saving your own notes as you read. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobsen1994 (, repeat of their First World War battle plan, British hardened field defences of World War II, Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions, "What's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done? In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. And like any trench, it belonged to the . "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". Wed love to have you back! He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. Love in the Bluest Eye is often paired with violence. This passage foretells the sexual violence and oppression experienced by the female characters of The Bluest Eye. These mixed-race colonial subjects worship their own oppressors, struggling to emulate them. She becomes sole breadwinner while Sammy and Pecola are still young. The girls enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes. This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. Czechoslovakia also feared Hitler and began building its own defences. They would be supplemented by reservists who lived in the local area and who could be quickly mobilised in an emergency. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. But World War I worsened the problem. . The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. The pie that should become a pleasant memory for Pecola will only be a pleasant memory for the little white girl"Polly" exerts all her effort in trying to make the house of the white folks feel like a home. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. It took nine years, from 1929 to 1938, to build the Maginot Line. After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. | They associate being "ruined" with the prostitutes, as they sense it has something to do with distasteful sexual interactions like the one Frieda experienced, and assume because Miss Marie is fat, she must be ruined. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Sometimes it can end up there. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. Complete your free account to request a guide. The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. It may be, though, that such an accusation coming from girls she thought might be innocent only makes the accusation more painful for Miss Marie. In a sense, the way the MacTeer girls read and misread the adult world echoes the Dick-and-Jane reader at the beginning of the novel. By asking Frieda if she just sat there, Claudia displays her ignorance of the realities of male oppression of women. Breedlove. From upstairs, the little girl calls for Polly, and Pecola accidentally pulls a freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter. on 50-99 accounts. He feels that is right for a black girl like Pecola to long to "see the world with blue eyes," but a thoughtful reader will note that eye color does not have an effect on vision. The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. The Maginot Line was designed to resist attacks by aerial bombardment, artillery and ground forces. 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